Consumo de frutos secos y aceites vegetales en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Consumption of nuts and vegetal oil in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Introducción: estudios recientes han demostrado los beneficios cardiovasculares de la dieta mediterránea enriquecida con aceite de oliva y frutos secos. Las personas con diabetes, que tienen un mayor riesgo de complicaciones cardiovasculares, podrían beneficiarse en gran medida de seguir ese tipo de patrón alimentario. Objetivos: análisis de la ingesta de grasas vegetales procedentes de frutos secos y aceites vegetales en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo que compara 60 personas con DM1 y 60 sujetos sanos. Se recoge la frecuencia de consumo de aceites vegetales y de frutos secos y se calcula el aporte procedente de estos alimentos en ácidos grasos mono y poliinsaturados (ácido oleico, linoleico y α-linolénico). Se utilizó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo diseñado de forma específica. Se recogen variables antropométricas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y variables relacionadas con la diabetes. Resultados: el consumo total de grasa vegetal procedente de aceites vegetales fue similar en los pacientes con DM1 frente a los sujetos control (3,02 ± 1,14 vs. 3,07 ± 1,27 Raciones (R)/día, P = 0,822) y de frutos secos (1,35 ± 2,24 vs. 1,60 ± 2,44 R/semana, P = 0,560). El grupo DM1 consumió menos aceite de oliva que el grupo control (2,55 ± 1,17 vs. 3,02 ± 1,34 R/día, P = 0,046). Se detectó un menor consumo de ácido α-linolénico respecto al grupo control (1,13 ± 2,06 vs. 2,64 ± 4,37 g/día, P = 0,018), mientras que no hubo diferencias en el resto de ácidos grasos (oleico 28,30 ± 18,13 vs. 29,53 ± 16,90 g/día, P = 0,703; linoleico 13,70 ± 16,80 vs. 15,45 ± 19,90 g/día, P = 0,605). En los DM1 no se demostró una influencia del consumo de las grasas vegetales procedentes de aceites y frutos secos en los parámetros antropométricos, metabólicos y variables específicas de la diabetes. Conclusiones: en las personas con DM1 el consumo total de aceites vegetales y frutos secos no difiere de la población general. Sin embargo, el consumo de aceite de oliva y el aporte del ácido graso α-linolénico es ligeramente inferior al de la población general. Aunque el consumo de aceites vegetales y frutos secos en las personas DM tipo 1 no se relaciona con parámetros metabólicos, o evolución de las complicaciones de la diabetes, es razonable incidir en incrementar su consumo, dados los beneficios reconocidos de este tipo de alimentos (AU)

Introduction: recent studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular benefits of the Mediterranean Diet, enriched with olive oil and nuts. People with diabetes, who have an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, could benefit greatly from following this type of eating pattern. Objective: analysis of vegetable fats intake from nuts and olive oil in patients with 1 Diabetes Mellitus type (DM1). Methods: transverse descriptive study comparing 60 people with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) with 60 healthy individuals. We collect the frequency of consumption of vegetable oils and nuts and calculate the contribution of these foods in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid). For data collection we designed a food frequency questionnaire specifically. We also collect anthropometric variables, cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-related variables. Results: vegetable fat intake from vegetable oils (3.02 ± 1.14 vs 3.07 ± 1.27 portions/day, P = 0.822) and nuts (1.35 ± 2.24 vs 1.60 ± 2.44 portions/week, P = 0.560), was similar in both groups. The DM1 group consumed fewer portions of olive oil daily than the control group (2.55 ± 1.17 vs 3.02 ± 1.34 portions/day, P = 0.046). We detected a significantly lower intake of α-linolenic acid in the control group (1.13 ± 2.06 versus 2.64 ± 4.37 g/day, p = 0.018) while there were not differences in the rest of fatty acids (oleic acid 28.30 ± 18.13 vs 29.53±16.90 g/day, P = 0.703; linoleic 13.70 ± 16.80 vs 15.45 ± 19.90 g/day, P = 0.605). In DM1, it not demonstrated an influence of the intake of vegetable fats and oils from nuts in the anthropometric, metabolic and diabetes-specific variables. Conclusions: in people with DM1, total intake of vegetable oils and nuts do not differ from the general population. However, the consumption of olive oil and the contribution of α-linolenic fatty acid derived from such fats are slightly lower than the general population. Although intake of vegetable oils and nuts in people with DM1 is not related to metabolic parameters, or progression of complications of diabetes, it is reasonable to increase their intake, given the recognized benefits of this type of food (AU)

Para rubber seed oil: new promising unconventional oil for cosmetics.

Para rubber seed was macerated in petroleum ether and n-hexane, individually, for 30 min. The extraction was additionally performed by reflux and soxhlet for 6 h with the same solvent and proportion. Soxhlet extraction by petroleum ether afforded the greatest extractive yield (22.90 ± 0.92%). Although antioxidant activity by means of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was insignificantly differed in soxhleted (8.90 ± 1.15%) and refluxed (9.02 ± 0.71%) by n-hexane, soxhlet extraction by n-hexane was significantly (p < 0.05) potent scavenged 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothaiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) or ABTS radical with trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 66.54 ± 6.88 mg/100 g oil. This extract was non cytotoxic towards normal human fibroblast cells. In addition, oleic acid and palmitic acid were determined at a greater content than in the seed of para rubber cultivated in Malaysia, although linoleic and stearic acid contents were not differed. This bright yellow extract was further evaluated on other physicochemical characters. The determined specific gravity, refractive index, iodine value, peroxide value and saponification value were in the range of commercialized vegetable oils used as cosmetic raw material. Therefore, Para rubber seed oil is highlighted as the promising ecological ingredient appraisal for cosmetics. Transforming of the seed that is by-product of the important industrial crop of Thailand into cosmetics is encouraged accordingly.

Efeito dos ácidos graxos na Síndrome Metabólica: uma revisão de literatura / Effects of fatty acids on the Metabolic Syndrome: a literature review

Changes in the diet pattern have been considered a major cause of overweight rate increase and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in the world. A diet with high energy density can contribute to fat accumulation in metabolic active tissues and increase of proinflammatory adipokines, favoring the inflammatory condition of this syndrome. However, not all types of high fat diet are malefic to the body. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review on the effect of fatty acids on the Metabolic Syndrome and on the important relationship between diet, obesity, MS and cardiovascular disease. It was possible to observe that a diet rich in saturated fat is associated with overweight, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and increased levels of cholesterol, leptin, insulin and glucose. It was also possible to observe that increased levels of saturated fatty acids and decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with metabolic syndrome. Supplementation with ?-3 was effective in reducing the effects of saturated fatty acids, such as the serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, decreasing blood pressure, and increasing the serum levels of HDL-c. After further studies confirm the safety of use and the ideal dose of ?-3 to prevent and treat MS, the supplementation should be associated with a diet that is balanced, low in saturated fat and rich in vitamins, as well as with a change in lifestyle.

Los cambios en los hábitos alimentícios han sido considerados como una de las causas más importantes del aumento mundial del sobrepeso y, por lo tanto, del Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Una dieta con alta densidad energética puede contribuir a la acumulación de grasa en los tejidos metabólicamente activos y al aumento de adipoquinas proinflamatorias, favoreciendo, así, el cuadro inflamatorio de este síndrome. Sin embargo, no todos los tipos de dietas hiperlipídicas son perjudiciales para el organismo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar en la literatura los efectos de los ácidos grasos en el SM y la importante relación entre dieta, obesidad, síndrome metabólico y enfermedad cardiovascular. Se observó que una dieta rica en grasas saturadas se asocia con el exceso de peso, hígado graso, elevación de los niveles séricos de colesterol, leptina, insulina y glucosa, puesto que el alto consumo de grasas saturadas y la disminución de los niveles de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados se correlacionan con el Síndrome Metabólico. La ingesta de suplementos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ha demostrado su eficacia a la hora de mitigar los efectos de la dieta alta en grasas, además de reducir los triglicéridos, el colesterol total, LDL-c, la presión arterial y mejorar los niveles de HLD-c. Después de que estudios posteriores confirmen la seguridad del uso y la dosis ideal del Omega 3 para la prevención y el tratamiento del Síndrome Metabólico, se hace necesario que su uso sea associado con una dieta balanceada, baja en grasas saturadas, rica en vitaminas, e incentivar al cambio en el estilo de vida.

As mudanças nos padrões alimentares têm sido consideradas como uma das principais causas do aumento mundial do excesso de peso e, consequentemente, da Síndrome Metabólica (SM). Uma dieta com alta densidade energética pode contribuir para acúmulo de gordura em tecidosmetabolicamente ativos e aumento de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, favorecendo o quadro inflamatório desta Síndrome. Porém, nem todos ostipos de dietas hiperlipídicas são maléficos para o organismo. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar na literatura os efeitos dos ácidos graxos na SM e a importante relação entre dieta, obesidade, SM e doenças cardiovasculares. Observou-se que a alimentação rica em gordura saturada está relacionada com excesso de peso, esteatose hepática, elevação dos níveis séricos de colesterol, leptina, insulina e glicose, sendo que a elevação do consumo de gordura saturada ea diminuição de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados estão correlacionadas com a presença da Síndrome Metabólica. A suplementação de ácidograxo poli-insaturado mostrou-se eficaz para amenizar os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica, além de diminuir triglicérides, colesterol total, LDL-c e pressão arterial, e melhorar os níveis de HLD-c. Após estudos posteriores confirmarem a segurança e a dose da utilização do ômega 3 para prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica, é necessário que esta utilização seja associada a uma dieta equilibrada, pobre em gordura saturada, rica em vitaminas e com um incentivo à mudança no estilo de vida.

Efecto de la sensibilidad a la insulina en marcadores de hemostasia tras el consumo de dietas con distintos tipos de grasa en varones jóvenes sanos / Insulin sensitivity regulates haemostatic markers after regular consumption of diets with different types of fat in healthy young men

Introducción. La hemostasia es un proceso complejo que regula la integridad del lecho vascular. La dieta modula la concentración de ciertos marcadores de hemostasis, aunque no está claro si el grado de resistencia a la insulina influye en esta relación. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar si la sensibilidad a la insulina influye en la concentración en ayunas y posprandial de ciertos marcadores de hemostasia (factor VII coagulante [FVIIc]), en el activador tisular del plasminógeno (tPA) y en el inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno (PAI-1), independientemente de la dieta consumida.Métodos. Estudio con diseño aleatorizado y cruzado, en el que 20 varones sanos recibieron 3 dietas, durante 4 semanas cada una, ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (Medit), saturados (Occid) e hidratos de carbono enriquecida con N3 (HC/N3). Posteriormente, se distribuyó a los participantes en 2 grupos: HOMA elevado (HE) o HOMA bajo (HB), dependiendo de las medianas para cada período de dieta. Se extrajeron determinaciones de FVIIc, tPA y PAI-1 en ayunas y 4 h después de una comida con la misma composición grasa que la seguida en el período previo, y se compararon los 2 grupos anteriores (HB frente a HE).Resultados. Hemos encontrado una concentración mayor, tanto de tPA como de PAI-1, en ayunas en el grupo HE, en relación con el grupo HB. El tPA también mostró una concentración mayor en el posprandio en el grupo HE.Conclusión. Nuestros datos indican una activación mayor de la coagulación en varones jóvenes con un índice HOMA mayor a la mediana poblacional, independientemente de la composición de la dieta seguida (AU)

Background. Haemostasis is a complex process that regulates the integrity of the circulatory system. It has been shown that diet can modulate the concentration of some haemostatic markers, but it is not clear if there is regulation of haemostasis depending on insulin sensitivity. We investigated whether insulin sensitivity influences fasting and postprandial concentration of haemostatic markers (FVIIc, PAI-1, tPA). Methods. Twenty healthy young men were submitted to three dietary intervention periods (rich in monounsaturated, saturated or n3 fatty acids) for four weeks each. The participants were separated into two groups (High-HOMA or Low-HOMA) depending on the median for the HOMA score after each period. Fasting and postprandial samples were drawn for the determination of the haemostatic markers. Results. High-HOMA group showed higher tPA and PAI-1 concentration levels in the fasting state compared with Low-HOMA group (p < 9.05). The tPA mean was also higher in the postprandial determination in the High-HOMA group. The type of diet received did not affect these results.Conclusion. In our study, the participants with higher HOMA score had a higher fasting concentration of tPA and PAI-1, and a higher postprandial concentration of tPA compared with the Low-HOMA group. These data suggest a higher activation of the coagulation cascade in healthy people with a HOMA score greater than the median for each population (AU)

Comparison of total oral bioavailability and the lymphatic transport of halofantrine from three different unsaturated triglycerides in lymph-cannulated conscious rats.

The lymphatic transport and the portal absorption of the lipophilic drug halofantrine were investigated in a conscious rat model. The rats were dosed with 0.1 g with triolein, trilinolein or trilinolenin containing 2 mg halofantrine. Following oral administration of the triglycerides, the mesenteric lymph and plasma samples were collected. The lymphatic transport for halofantrine was 11.1+/-1.2 after administration of trilinolein, 9.0+/-3.5 for trilinolenin and 8.6+/-2.2 for triolein and the total amount of halofantrine transported in the lymph was linear proportional with the amount of triglyceride in the lymph. The absorption of halofantrine directly into the blood showed a trend towards a higher AUC for trilinolien and trilinolenin compared to triolein, but no statistical difference could be found. The statistically analysis of the mean total bioavailability therefore shows that the absorption of halofantrine was largely independent on triglyceride unsaturation.

Enhanced enteral bioavailability of vancomycin using water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion incorporating highly purified unsaturated fatty acid.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of an emulsion incorporating unsaturated fatty acids to improve the mucosal absorption of poorly absorbed drugs from rat intestinal loops in situ, using a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion. Vancomycin hydrochloride (VCM) was used as a model drug with low oral bioavailability. The entrapment efficiency of VCM in the emulsion was approximately 60% and remained constant over storage for 1 month at 4 degrees C. The emulsion incorporating C18 unsaturated fatty acids or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) markedly enhanced VCM absorption after colonic and rectal dosing. The effectiveness of DHA on VCM colonic absorption improvement was the same as that of oleic acid, and less than that of linoleic and linolenic acids. For rectal dosing, bioavailability was similar among various emulsions, in the range 40-50%. The effect of the emulsion incorporating oleic acid or DHA on improving VCM enteral bioavailability was not increased proportional to the incorporated amount. The electrical resistance of membranes was not changed by the incorporation of various fatty acids in emulsions. Our results indicated that W/O/W emulsions incorporating C18 unsaturated fatty acid or DHA were useful carriers for improving the absorption of poorly absorbable drugs via the intestinal tract without gross changes to tight junction function.